Background In today competitive business environment, marketing is becoming a more important element to be properly and effectively managed by business owners and managers. As the business environment is becoming dynamic, volatile and competitive, it is crucial for the firms to enhance the marketing effectiveness and capabilities of the firm to stay relevant, competitive and […]
Introduction Tourism is a traditional and yet emerging industry in the recent years. The concept of tourism is nothing new, as the emergence of the concept can be easily traced back to history centuries ago. Today, a wide array of definition on tourism is available. For example, McIntosh, Goeldner and Ritchie (1995) define tourism as […]
Apart from life expectancy, health expectancy is yet another important concept gaining popularity in the medical field. Both the concepts are useful in explaining the quality and quantity of the life of a person. For this, life expectancy is largely about the quantity of life a particular person will most likely to live, while the […]
Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Defining Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Integrated marketing communications (or will be referred to as the IMC in the rest of this writing), is widely regarded as the marketing communication system that considers the business environment and communication mix in an holistic manner – in order to manage a particular […]
The subject of human resources management and development is a wide scholar area constantly drawing great attention from researchers. This is not hard to understand – no matter what strategy or technique is to be implemented by any organization, the quality of human capital is the determinant of success or failure of that implementation process. […]
Theory #1: each individual perceives the world differently; but it is possible to influence the people in a cultural group to share a similar way of perceiving the world. The very beginning of differences among people is due to their different interpretation to the events or occurrences around them. All sorts of conflicts may results […]
Working in a group is very different, and the process is not easy and challenging on the very first time, especially when some of the group member does not know each other very well. Nevertheless, there are some useful ideas which can be applied to enhance the performance or effectiveness of a group work. We […]
There are many ways to improve the performance and effectiveness of a cross cultural team. In fact, if a cross cultural team is managed correctly and properly, the diversity and the differences between people can be utilized as the source of competitive advantage and strengths of the particular team. The various methods, illustrated from the […]
In cross cultural interactions, the rises of conflicts are hardly prevented. Because human have a tendency to perform or interpret something or the world in their habitual manner, they tend to not agree the other way of perceiving the worlds. They may regard other methods as irrational, non-logical and stupid. They form certain values and […]
Motivation is a widely studies subject in management and organizational behaviors as it is the source of passion, inspiration and drive for a person to work and excel. It will affect someone’s direction, intensity, and persistence in the workplace. It is not hard to understand that motivated workforce can implement any plans and strategies better […]
Daniel Goleman suggested that there are a total of six unique leadership styles – and these six different leadership approaches will affect organizational performance and results differently. Therefore, understanding of these different leadership styles can be important. That is not to mention that understanding about these different leadership styles will also offer guidance how an […]
The word ‘structure’ is an important subject of discussion in business studies. It is often the issues of discussion in company’s meeting and it is an important concept for management of organizational behavior. The concept of organizational culture is important because it describe the hierarchy of authority and accountability in an organization. These formal working […]
Introduction Once you’ve developed your marketing strategy, there is a “Seven Ps Formula” you should use to continually evaluate and re-evaluate your business activities. These seven are: product, price, promotion, place, people, processes and physical evidences. As products, markets, customers and needs change rapidly, you must continually revisit these seven Ps to make sure you’re on track and achieving […]
Definition Leadership is “the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals” (Robbins & Judge, 2007). Leadership is as a critical management skill in various organizations, which influences and motivates a group toward the achievement of organizational goals (Rafferty & Griffin 2004). Leadership Versus Manager-ship Leadership must be differentiated from […]
Employee stress has been an increasing concern to both employers and governments for over twenty years. In the last ten years, work stress has assumed greater importance for employers as their risk for additional staff costs in terms of medical, absenteeism, turnover, low productivity and legally held liable for damages has increased (Midgley, 1997; Rees, […]